Project Appraisal

Subject Code: PPA1C Paper: PROJECT APPRAISAL Specific Instructions: ?Answer all the four questions. ?Marks allotted 100. Each Question carries equal marks. ?Word limit is 200 – 300words General Instructions: ?The Student should submit this assignment in the handwritten form (not in the typed format) ? The Student should submit this assignment within the time specified by the exam dept ? Each Question mentioned in this assignment should be answered within the word limit specified ? The student should only use the Rule sheet papers for answering the questions. The student should attach this assignment paper with the answered papers. ?Failure to comply with the above Five instructions would lead to rejection of assignment. _____________________________________________________ Question No 1 A choice is to be made between two competing projects which requires an equal investment of Rs 50,000 and are expected to generate net cash flow as under: Project 1Project 2 End of year 1Rs. 50 ,000Rs. 20,000 End of year 2Rs. 30,000Rs. 24,000 End of year 3Rs. 20,000Rs. 36,000 End of year 4NilRs. 50,000 End of year 5Rs. 24,000Rs. 16,000 End of year 6Rs. 12,000Rs. 8,000 The cost of capital of the company is 10% . The following are the Present Value Factors @ 10% per annum: YearP. V . Factors @10% p. a 10. 909 20. 826 30. 751 40. 683 50. 621 60. 564 Which project proposal should be chosen and why? Evaluate the project proposals as under: †¢Discounted Cash Flow. †¢Pay back period methods, pointing out their relative merits and demerits. †¢Under what circumstances is the pay back period method and the NPV Method used for evaluating projects. Question No 2 (A)What is the rationale for NPV Method? Discuss the feature of NPV Method? (B) Teja international is determining the cash flow for a project involving replacement of an old machine by a new machine. The old machine bought a few years ago has a book value of Rs 800,000 and it can be sold to realize a post tax salvage value of rs 900000. It has a remaining life of 5 years after which its net salvage value is expected to be Rs 200,000. it is being depreciated annually at a rate of 25% under the WDV method . The incremental working capital associated with this machine is 500,000. The new machine cost rupees 300,000 . It is expected to fetch a net salvage value of Rs 1. 500,000 after five years . The depreciation rate applicable to it is 25% under the WDV method . The new machine is expected to bring a saving of Rs 650,000 annually in manufacturing costs(other than depreciation ). The tax rate applicable to the firm is 30% : a)Estimate the cash flow associated with the replacement project. b)What is the NPV of the replacement project if the cost of capital is 14%. Question No 3 a)The management of Parmila Ltd. is considering an investment project costing Rs. ,50,000 and it will have a scrap value of Rs. 10,000 at the end of its 5 years life. Transportation charges and installation charges are expected to be Rs. 5,000 and Rs. 25,000 respectively. If the project is accepted, a spare part inventory of Rs. 10,000 must also be maintained. It is estimated that the spare parts will have an estimated scrap value of 60% of their initial cost after 5 years. Annual revenue from the project is expected to be Rs. 1,70,000; and annual labour, material and maintenance expenses are estimated to be Rs. 15,000, Rs. 0,000 and Rs. 5,000 respectively. The depreciation and taxes for five years will be — YearDepreciationTax (Rs. )(Rs. ) 1 2 3 4 572,000 43,200 32,400 21,600 80011,200 22,720 27,040 31,360 39,680 Calculate the net cash flows for each year and cost of the project. Evaluate the project at 12% rate of interest. b)How gestation period of an on-going project affects Project financing decisions? Question No 4(A) The data concerning a site development project at the end of the 10th week of Implementation is given below: ActivityProgress (%) t the end of 10th weekBudgeted Cost at Completion (BAC)Actual Cost of work performed (ACWP) PlannedActual(Rs. Lakhs)(Rs. Lakhs) A B C D E F G H I J K L100 50 100 100 50 100 70 — — 100 200 2090 40 80 100 20 80 60 — 10 90 90 —5 35 5 10 20 10 15 5 10 15 10 207 15 5 10 5 10 9 — 1 13 9 — Total16084 The Project is scheduled to be completed at the end of the 20th week. Calculate the costs forecast at completion, assuming that the remaining work shall progress . Question No 4 (B): a)S Limited has Rs. 10, 00,000 allocated for capital budgeting purposes. The following proposals and associated Profitability Index have been determined. ProjectAmount (Rs. )Profitability Index 1 2 3 4 5 6300,000 150,000 350,000 450,000 200,000 400,0001. 22 0. 95 1. 20 1. 18 1. 20 1. 05 Which of the above investment should be undertaken? Assume that the Projects are indivisible and there is no alternative use of the money allotted for capital budgeting. b)Project Cost Estimation is a vital factor for starting the business. As a Financial Analyst, you are required to prepare the steps for cost estimation

Help Seeking Behavior Health And Social Care Essay

Two reported eruptions of rubeolas in extremely immunized hilly countries were investigated under two bomber centres, viz. , Sailli and Sarah. In Sailli, the entire figure of instances were 51 with overall attack rate-6 % ; ( Sex Specific AR-male 12 % while female 7 % ) 4 ; and in Sarah there were 18 instances in all with overall onslaught rate as 4.2 % ; ( Sex specific AR-male 6.94 % and the female 7.2 % ) 5. All the instance patients belonged to 5 old ages plus age group ( Range being 5 old ages to 17 old ages ) during the period from September to November, 2006. The last reported eruption of rubeolas in the block was 8-9 old ages ago. During the same period no such eruptions were reported from any other blocks within the territory. Hence, a survey was undertaken with the aims ; ( 1 ) To depict the aid seeking behaviour of female parents of kids with and without rubeolas and the factors associated with it and ( 2 ) To urge appropriate remedial steps to forestall and command farther eruptions.MATERIALS AND METHODS:For this survey an in-depth reappraisal of the literature on the aid seeking behaviour of female parents and subsequent factors associated with rubeolas eruptions enabled choice of specific issues/factors. Many factors are reported to be associated with rubeolas such as geographically hard hilly countries, hapless socio-economic strata with unemployment ; marginalized subdivisions like scheduled castes/tribes ; illiteracy, overcrowding, beneficiary related issues like aid seeking behaviour of female parents ; community/mothers ‘ beliefs and barriers of people seeking health/help from the local chelllas/quacks/village elders/relatives/ neighbours/ /friends6. ( A ) Study design: A comparative survey. ( B ) Study period: 14th Nov. , to 14th Feb. , 2008. ( C ) Study country: Sub centres Sailli and Sarah, Shahpur block ( Measles outbreak Exposed ) and sub centres Mallan and Samloti of Nagrota Bagwan ( Measles not exposed ) block of territory Kangra which are more or less likewise placed. ( D ) Study population: Community members for Focus Group Discussions and female parents of kids ( from 5 old ages to 17 old ages ) with and without rubeolas of bomber centres Sailli and Sarah, Shahpur block ( Exposed ) and sub Centres Mallan and Samloti of Nagrota Bagwan comparative ( Non exposed ) block of territory Kangra. ( Tocopherol ) Sample size: Community members for 4 Focus Group Discussions ( FGD ) with ( two FGDs-one male and 2nd female ) for instances. One FGD consists of 20 males and likewise, 2nd one with 20 females individually under Shahpur block and equal Numberss of FGDs for comparing under Nagrota Bagwan block ; and all female parents of entire 69 instance patients of two eruptions in the Shahpur block with exposure to rubeolas ( 5 old ages to 17 old ages with average 9 old ages ) in survey country with equal number-age and sex matched in comparative Nagrota Bagwan block were taken while the population features were the same. ( F ) Operational definitions of Measless: WHO definition: We defined a instance as the happening of febrility with roseola with or without cough ; rhinitis and pinkeye in a occupant of the small towns under bomber Centres Sailli and Sarah of Shahpur block ( Kangra ) between 1st September to 30th November 2006.( G ) Data aggregation technique and tools: Study squad:Beneficiary related issues: We carried out an appraisal of aid seeking behaviour of female parents of instances and female parents of age and sex matched controls in comparative block utilizing Focus Group Discussions ( FGDs ) and in-depth interviews of all female parents of entire 69 instance patients with exposure to rubeolas in survey and comparative blocks. For this exercising, we constituted two squads of wellness workers. In each squad, there were six wellness workers ; three males and three females and they were supervised by two male wellness supervisors. The whole squad was trained and supervised by two senior med ical officers. This procedure was carried out by interviews utilizing check list of inquiries and interview agenda utilizing qualitative standardised questionnaire. We besides compared the responses for four FGDs and in-depth qualitative interviews of all female parents of entire 69 instance patients of two eruptions in survey Shahpur and comparative Nagrota Bagwan blocks. We sought and obtained clearance from ethical commission from National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai. We analyzed the informations by MS-excel sheet, Stat calc and utilizing Epi info version 3.3.2.Consequence:Brief description of both countries: Topographically and demographically, both blocks are more or less likewise placed. Both the survey blocks are hilly situated at the height of 2600 pess to 2900 pess above the sea degree. Population features of both blocks are more or less same. 25-30 % of SC/ST and 4-5 % of ST with 30 % of OBC classs and remainder others constitute the caste constellation. In instance block, we have 36 bomber centres, 5 primary wellness centres, one community wellness Centre with 90 % of the adult male power in place while in comparative block, 38 bomber Centres, 5 primary wellness Centres and two community wellness Centres with 95 % of human resource in place.Beneficiaries related issues:Distribution of baseline features in the survey group: Age: The average age of the instance and comparative groups kids was 9 old ages while mean was 9.6 and the manner was 6 ( scope being 5-17years ) , as the survey was matched for age and sex merely. So, out of 69 instances, 35 ( 51 % ) instance group and comparative group were ?9 old ages and 34 ( 49 % ) kids were & A ; gt ; 9years of age. Sexual activity: The proportion of the males in instances and controls were high 43 ( 62.3 % ) while those of the females were 26 ( 37.7 % ) . Religion: All instance and comparative groups were belonging to Hindu faith. Type of household: Merely 45 instances ( 65.2 % ) and 49 ( 71.0 % ) were holding the atomic households. The cultural epidemiology and aid seeking behaviour of female parents of kids in Shahpur and Nagrota Bagwan blocks were assessed with ( I ) Focus Group Discussions and ( two ) for in-depth qualitative interviews, we recruited all 69 female parents for entire instance patients and equal Numberss in 1st comparative group from Shahpur block and 2nd one from non rubeolas Nagrota Bagwan block. They were exposed to the selected variables for cognizing socio-economic position ; the community every bit good as the personal beliefs/barriers of the female parents of the affected and non affected countries coupled with cognition, attitude and pattern ; clip and distance from wellness attention installation ; attitude towards the heath system variables etc. In the Shahpur/Nagrota Bagwan blocks, 20 females and 20 males from the different nearby small towns participated in each block. The educational degrees of the females participants in Shahpur/Nagrota Bagwan blocks varied from nonreaders ( 24/8 in figure ) ; 5th criterion ( 10/6 ) ; Middle criterion ( 4/10 ) Matric criterion ( 2/16 ) while those of the males participants fluctuated from nonreaders ( 14/6 in figure ) ; 5th criterion ( 16/12 ) ; Middle criterion ( 2/10 ) ; Matric criterion ( 6/10 ) to Graduate ( 2/2 ) . In Shahpur block, the two groups of the participants had a sum of 43 ( 40 three ) kids, out of which 15 have suffered from rubeolas. All the kids were immunized against rubeolas. In Nagrota Bagwan block, the two groups of the participants had a sum of 36 ( 30 six ) kids, out of which six have suffered from rubeolas. All the kids were immunized against rubeolas. From the above noted four FGDs ( 40 males and 40 females ) and in-depth qualitative interviews, ( 69 female pare nts of instance block and 69 female parents of comparative block ) , we concluded the undermentioned critical points from all the respondents of both blocks. In Shahpur and Nagrota Bagwan blocks, rubeolas is locally known as Dharrssali largely, ( 80 % ) followed by less known as Chhotti mata ( 15 % ) and the least as Bodri ( 5 % ) . For bodily experience of rubeolas, 95 % respondents in Shahpur block have the personal experience in over 5 old ages of age but 25 % respondents in Nagrota Bagwan block do non hold the bodily experience of rubeolas outbreak in the country. All rubeolas related information has been largely heard or got from other beginnings. On aetiologic standing, 68 % respondents under Shahpur block property rubeolas to the expletive of goddess-Mata Ka vardaan hei and hence no flight path while the 55 % respondents in Nagrota Bagwan block grade contagion-chhoot is the causative factor. For wellness ( aid ) seeking behaviour of female parents, bulk ( 68 % ) of the respondents under Shahpur block spell by the established community belief and barrier that the free traditional intervention by faith therapists who recites mantras and Vannan shrubs motion on the organic structure and face of the instance patient for three to five yearss ; followed by 12 % by small town elders/neighbors/friends/relatives and in conclusion, if needed, confer withing physicians in the nearby wellness attention installations. 85 % of the people of the instance country go for the traditional therapists. The cost of intervention scopes from nil to Rs.350/- for Shahpur block whereas that of Nagrota Bagwan block, it is Rs. 200/- to Rs. 1200/- merely. 59 % of the respondents in Nagrota Bagwan block prefer modern system of intervention. For the inoculation of the kids, they have to go as long hilly distance as over 6-10 kilometers on pes devouring 3/4th hr to 2 and ? hr for nearest available wellness attention installation with long waiting clip in uncertainness. For the first aid when their kid falls badly, as per their community/mothers ‘ beliefs, Shahpur block chiefly goes for faith therapists but the minority educated females ( 18 % ) from immature coevals insist for allopathic intervention while Nagrota Bagwan block respondents ( 65 % ) opts for authorities wellness attention installations but the minority older coevals ( 14 % ) still advocates for religion healing. Nutritional attention to the Dharrssali ( Measles ) afflicted kid is given in the signifier of restricted diet, Saunfi Banaksha, illaychi, decoction made of Gur ( Local autochthonal intervention expression ) . Seul ( Heat emancipating comestible ) should be given in copiousness and smoke Sarson ( Mustard seeds ) is blown under the fingerstall of the patient and the fried points be avoided. As a follow up patterns in the station recovery stage from unwellness, 58 % respondents from Shahpur block invoke the approvals of the goddess Sheetla. 69 % respondents acknowledge the visit of the local wellness worker one time in a month while in Nagrota Bagwan block, 74 % female parents confirms the frequence of visit of worker as twice in a month. For immunisation, 85 % respondents in instance block and 90 % in 2nd block go for inoculation in their several bomber Centres at the age of nine months to one twelvemonth. It is 100 % female parents all the manner who take kids to the Centre for inoculation. Protective value of vitamin A supplementation has been emphasized by 45 % respondents from Nagrota Bagwan block. 94 % of the respondents for instance block have indicated their pick Centre for immunisation and wellness seeking patterns for the common complaints in the center of small town which should be easy accessible with regular handiness of the worker at bomber Centre Sailli.Discussion:Our survey consequences need to be interpreted in context of the major factor, viz. donees ‘ related issues. The consequences of FGDs in two countries suggest difference in two countries with regard to knowledge sing cause of rubeolas, aid seeking behaviour, intervention and follow-up patterns. Illiteracy and cognition are complimentary. Added with beliefs and barriers in the present survey, many important factors like geographically hard hilly countries, nonreader female parents, marginalized subdivisions like scheduled castes/tribes ; poorness etc are more inclined towards traditional unscientific lines in footings of cause and consequence. Measles is locally known as Dharrssali. Shahpur block hypothesize the generation of rubeolas as expletive of goddess despite high immunisation coverage in the countries. Mahapatro M et Al observed that bhattara tribal adult females believe that rubeolas ( gundi ) and varicella ( maa ) occur due to the wrath of the Goddess ( thakurani ) on the patient, they visit the ‘desari ‘ instead than a medical practitioner7. More crowded instances of rubeolas are at that place d ue to their individual roomed adjustment and poorness in instance block. For the first aid when their kid falls badly, as per their community /mothers beliefs, Shahpur block chiefly goes for free of cost religion therapists. A good ball of female parents of the instance country go for the traditional intervention merely because of poorness and illiteracy in the country coupled with stiff personal and community beliefs The other grounds may be ill-mannered behaviour of wellness suppliers with hard handiness and handiness of the wellness suppliers with long waiting clip in uncertainness. The cost of intervention is non easy low-cost for Shahpur block. Jagrati V et Al observed that besides economic barriers, the other 1s are hapless agencies of transit and long distances8. Nutritional attention to the Dharrssali afflicted kid is given in the signifier of restricted diet, Saunfi Banaksha, illaychi, decoction made of Gur. Seul ( Heat emancipating comestible ) should be given in copiousne ss and smoke Sarson ( Mustard seeds ) is blown under the fingerstall of the patient which eases rubeolas roseola to break out shortly. Avoid the fried points. Restricted nutrient with Seul rich diet during rubeolas was more operable in instance block. Belief barriers like nutrient and fruit turning away farther enhances vitamin A lack. The badness and continuance of unwellness were less in Shahpur instance block with vitamin A supplementation. Vitamin A supplementation has the protective function in cut downing the morbidity and mortality during the rubeolas outbreaks9. Mayfong Mayxay et Al recorded that the proportion of parents who practiced nutrient turning away behaviour was higher in the group with measles10 which agree with our survey consequences. The community ailment beliefs are more powerful in instance block like bulks of respondents in Shahpur block believe that rubeolas has to look one time in life clip owing to the approvals of Sheetla mata-the culprit of the unwellnes s. As a follow up patterns in the station recovery stage from unwellness, so they invoke the approvals of the goddess Sheetla. On the other manus, population in Nagrota Bagwan block were cognizant of rubeolas as a disease caused by close contact with septic individual, resorted to intervention and followup by qualified physicians at healthcare installation. Mothers in comparative block country had better entree to healthcare installations as compared to instance country. From in deepness interviews it was apparent that though socio-cultural and economic factors were more favourable among comparative group female parents as compared to instance respondents. The surveies by Ratho RK11 et Al, VK Desai et al12, Murray M and Rasmussen Z13, Jagvir Singh et al14, R. F. Grais et al15 and Munesh SK et al16 support our observations.Restrictions:Recall prejudice could hold occurred with regard to remembrance of immunisation of the kids of the both survey countries. However, the prejudice could use to both survey countries. So the prejudice would be non derived function.Decision:-Majorities of the female parents with or without rubeolas in the hills seek traditional first aid ( such as intervention seeking and follow-up patterns of female parents ) during unwellness to quacks/chelas/faith therapists on history of hapless socio-cultural, economic factors ; myths and misconceptions ; malformed beliefs and barriers. -Distant and hard entree to healthcare installation in geographically tough countries is besides one of precipitating factors.Recommendations:Aggressive Information, Education and Communication ( IEC ) activities should be addressed towards modifying the aid seeking behaviour of female parents in the territory, particularly in the rubeolas affected countries. It has to be targeted and boosted for economic and societal behavioural alteration instead than informing the community. The duty has to be shared both by wellness suppliers, wellness searchers and community. Access to wellness attention installation needs to be improved through proviso of nomadic services on a regular basis in the distant countries.

Racial Distinctions: the Lion King 2

Michaelah Frisby Jamie King English 101 2 December 2012 Racial Distinction: Lion King 2 Racial distinctions are –at times –hidden in different forms of media. They may be used to brainwash the audience in a discreet way, enlighten the concept of stereotypes, or even display a situation in which the racial distinction is unintended, yet utilized due to precedence. Racial distinctions are very present and, at times, reasonable. Disney employs these barriers so that the audience recognizes the unfavorable aspects of them. it One instance in which we find racial distinctions are in Disney’s The Lion King 2: Simba’s Pride.Given to misadventures and mischief, Kiara, Simba’s young cub, wanders into the forbidden Outlands, the haunt of Scar's exiled minions, and there she encounters another mischievous cub, Kovu, son of lioness Zira, once a close friend of the late Scar and now the leader of the exiles. Zira plots against Kiara, drawing her son into her sch eme. Kovu has divided loyalties as his love for Kiara deepens. Conveyed in the environments, the identities and the physical appearances, these differentiations possess evidence of racial distinctions.Overall, the environments in which the animals dwell can be categorized into two races: black and white. Kovu’s family –the darker, or black lions –live in a more deserted area away from Pride Rock, the flourishing lands. Their home appears abandoned, devastated and demolished. Ridden with dry lands and random fires, this space is where young Kovu and other young lions play, eat, and sleep –where they call home: â€Å"[You] exiled us to the out lands,† Zira, Kovu’s mother whines to Simba, â€Å"†¦Where we have little food, less water† (The Lion King 2: Simba’s Pride).Their habitat compares so well with the lower class neighborhoods cities if where black families live their lives, where there are abandoned homes and demolished memories. Young children play in an area where, unbeknownst to them, a drug deal took place seconds ago. Yet, they play there all the same. These harsh lands cause these lions to live at risk of crisis every day. However, we find Kiara and her family –the lighter, or white lions –literally living a much higher life. Surrounded by thriving lands and flourishing resources, Kiara’s life on Pride Rock is abundant.Her family is â€Å"wealthy,† in the sense, because her father, Simba, is the king and Alpha lion. Kiara is protected and her life is sustained impressively. She is enveloped by animals that love her and her family and praise her father because of his power. Much like the privileged white girl that lives on the upper side of the city whose father is respected due to his wealth, Kiara is secure and loved. Essentially, Kiara is identified differently from Kovu because of who she is. Because of whom her father is and what he knows. He knows that Kovuâ €™s mother, Zira, is dangerous.Thus, he protects her from Kovu, appointing Timon and Pumba, good friends of his, to protect her: â€Å"‘Hey, Timon! Pumba! ’† he calls for them. ‘I want you to keep a close watch on Kiara. You know she’s bound to run off (The Lion King 2: Simba’s Pride). Kiara is sheltered not only because of the dangers that Simba feel are out there, but also she is protected because he has the power to protect. He can do that because of his wealth and respect. The average upperclass white family man can protect his daughter this way with the employment of bodyguards and such.Simba’s attitude, throughout the majority of the movie, towards Kovu and his family is extremely degrading. He feels that they are not worthy to live on Pride Rock with the rest of the lions. He even goes as far to put them at the bottom of his â€Å"class system:† â€Å"‘I banished you from our pride lands. ’† He spit s at Zira. â€Å"’Now you and your young cub, get out! ’†(The Lion King 2: Simba’s Pride). He looks down on them because he, as the wealthier â€Å"white man† finds it hard to see them as equals. Happiness appears to surround Pride Rock. While Kiara’s life is full of love, Kovu’s is full of chaos.Kovu’s mother is harsh in how she raises him. Like a single African-American mother raising three children on her own in a decrepit neighborhood, Zira strives to raise her children the best way that she knows how with the few resources she has available. However, she is rough with her ways and tough with her love. She constantly puts down Kovu’s older brother Nuka, and unsuccessfully shields Vitani, Kovu’s little sister from the difficult ways of their land, exposing her to dangerous aspects of life, such as her plan for Kovu to kill Simba.Vitani greets Kovu one evening and playfully asks him if he wants to fight. Roughly is how they play. Here lies a parallel with the lack of sheltered love that is seen in a lot of lower class African American homes due to harsh surroundings, lack of toys, and neglect in parental guidance. Nuka despises Kovu because he can never please their mother: â€Å"Hey, it’s every lion for himself out here,† Nuka replies to Vitani scolding him for leaving Kovu on his own. â€Å"That little termite’s got to learn to be on his own† (The Lion King 2: Simba’s Pride).Kovu’s approach towards Kiara, when they first meet, is negative. He begins to growl at her with his young, yet fierce voice: â€Å"Who are you, pride-lander,† he asks Kiara with disgust. (The Lion King 2: Simba’s Pride) He makes fun of Kiara by saying that she is a daddy’s girl. Kovu learns these defensive ways from his mother and his homeland. It is all he knows. , Kiara’s attempts to play a game of tag with him are failed: â€Å"What’s w rong? Don’t ya know how to play? † she asks. (The Lion King 2: Simba’s Pride). Yet, when she begins to â€Å"play fight† with him, he responds playfully.Meanwhile, Simba and Zira’s means for punishment differ as well. Simba has a talk with Kiara about how the dangers of the world will negate her life if she continues to disobey his rules and run off on her own. He ends his lecture by singing her a song about family and sticking together: â€Å"We Are One. † Zira’s ways are much harsher. She screams at Kovu, scaring him intensely, telling him that he will never be friends with Kiara. Compared to human life: Zira –the black parent –scolds her child more harshly because she knows that if she does not, society will.And Simba –the white parent –gives much more leeway because society sees her skin color, or fur color, and suspects that she means no harm. Lastly, are the physical appearances of the characters. Kiar a’s family are the lighter cubs, which can be compared to a white family. Whereas Kovu’s family are the darker cubs, in comparison to a black family. Though Kiara and the lions in the pride lands vary as far as shades of light skin, they are lighter all the same. As far as physique, the lions of the pride lands are much more fit and appear more will-nourished in contrast to the lions of the outlands.These lions are much darker, and quite thin. They appear very malnourished. â€Å"Oh! These termites,† Nuka yelps as he viciously scratches, bites, and claws at himself (The Lion King 2: Simba’s Pride). Nuka appears to be the most dirt-ridden lion of them all. Kovu possesses a scar that he receives from his mother’s scornful actions. This scar represents a lot about where he came from. It even acts as a symbol for his father, Scar. Though Kovu was adopted, this scar aids in the resemblance of Scar and him. The use of these color distinctions to the char acters bestows visualization on the concept of these racial differences.Racial barriers are often hidden. Yet, they instill a number of aspects as far as information. In Disney’s The Lion King 2: Simba’s Pride, we find these barriers. They are portrayed in the environments, the identities and the physical appearances of the characters. And though they are not good or bad, they are necessary. These distinctions allow the audience to recognize the negativity in the barriers so that they do not out them forth. Works Cited The Lion King 2: Simba’s Pride. Dir. Darrell Rooney. Prod. Jeannine Roussell. Perf. Matthew Broderick, Neve Campbell, Andy Dick. Disney Pictures, 1998. Film

The limitations of current therapeutic interventions for Parkinson Essay

The limitations of current therapeutic interventions for Parkinson disease - Essay Example In the neurochemical basis of Parkinson’s disease we learn that the pathological lesion in Parkinsonism lies in the corpus striatum and basal ganglia. In addition, the never cell bodies located in the substantia nigra shows signs of degeneration. The histochemical techniques have brought to notice that corpus striatum and basal ganglia are electively depleted of the monoamine, dopamine. The present time holds two major therapeutic interventions to fight back Parkinson’s disease. The first one involves the development of specific therapies for each of the existent problems in the patient that cannot be answerable otherwise by means of L-dopa and the second is by virtue of embryonic stem cells. It is essential to mention here that L-Dopa is more efficacious and less expensive as compared to other dopamine agonists. The drug therapies for Parkinson’s disease hold their presence of importance by their efficient functioning at two major lines: 1. Administration of anticholinergic drugs to decrease the cholinergic excitatory activity 2. Administration of dopaminergic drugs for enhancing dopaminergic inhibitory activity

Nursing Care for Domestic Violence during Pregnancy Research Paper

Nursing Care for Domestic Violence during Pregnancy - Research Paper Example Introduction Domestic violence is an important social issue, but also plays a huge role in the health of the expectant mother and her child. There is a number of ways that nurses can assess and deal with domestic violence. A pregnant woman who has been victim of domestic violence needs to be treated with confidence, care, and confidentiality, particularly because domestic violence can have a number of unfortunate physical and mental effects on the victim. The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between domestic violence and pregnancy, and the impact that battering can have on the expectant mother, both physical and mental. It will also explore how the nurse should deal with cases of domestic violence, including the assessment and care of these women, as well as what to expect from physical and mental examination of these patients. A final section will cover how I, as a future nurse, plan to address the issue in a clinical setting taking into account all the informati on covered within this paper. Provide an Overview of Domestic Violence as it Relates to Pregnancy Estimating the number of women that are affected by violence during pregnancy is extremely difficult for a number of reasons, but estimates place it from anywhere between 0.9% and 20.1%. Statistics also suggest that it is most prevalent in women earning under $20,000 a year (Jasinski). The women who are most likely to experience this type of violence have a history of victimization, so taking a history of the patient may help to clarify whether domestic abuse has occurred. There are a huge number of problems which are associated with domestic violence and pregnancy, both for the mother and the unborn child. For the baby, these include premature birth, low birth weight and foetal trauma. These may be compounded by the effects on the mother, which may be psychological and cause maternal behaviour changes, or physical causing health changes (Jasinski). Nursing Care Considerations Related t o Domestic Violence Assessment Considering the important consequences of domestic violence for the mother and the baby, there has been some debate about whether healthcare professionals should screen for domestic violence as the norm (O’Reilly, Beale and Gillies). This is based on findings that areas in which screening is present have a higher identification rate, and therefore it could be possible to prevent some of the problems associated with domestic violence in pregnancy. It also suggests that a nurse should consider the possibility of domestic violence during pregnancy, as the health of the mother and the child are paramount to nursing care. Discuss the Impact of Battering to the Individual Client, Newborn and the Family The impact of battering varies from individual to individual, although there are almost certainly physical, psychological, or a mixture of both effects on the women involved. It also affects the new born and the family of the victim. The woman’s mental health is likely to be affected. She is likely to suffer from anxiety, depression and a number of other disorders (Nasreen, Kabir, Forsell and Edhborg). This can lead to problems for the child, as the woman may be unable to care for herself or the new born. If the violence is aimed towards the womb of the victim, then there may be direct damage to the baby or premature birth (Devries et al.). Low

Discussion forum in English II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion forum in English II - Essay Example r it is a story, poem or a novel has the power to evoke ‘mental representation of an object or action that can be known by one or more of the senses† (Schakel & Ridl 552). There are a number of verbal images in Maxine Kumin’s poem â€Å"The Sound of the Night† that describe the sights and sound of night at a Lakeshore cottage which appeal to the mind’s eye and ear of the reader. The first stanza of the poem offers the reader with the images of birds, bats and the fat frogs. The image of the birds crowding the trees and making the air â€Å"thick with their vesper cries† is appealing. The image of the bats with their â€Å"seven-pointed Kites† is outstanding; strong verbs such as ‘squeak’, ‘chirp’, ‘dip’ and ‘slum’ add to the image of the bats and such words appeal both to the reader’s senses of sight and hearing. However, the image that stands out in the first stanza as well as in the whole poem is that of the image of the fat frogs. The phrases that describe the fat frogs-â€Å"wake and prink wide lipped†, â€Å"noisy as ducks†, drink on the bo ozy black†, and â€Å"gloating chink chunk†- are the best in the poem (Schakel & Ridl 552). The reader can clearly draw the picture of the fat frogs in his/her mind and can experience their noise that resembles the ducks. However, a good reader can go beyond these images to find the implied connotations in all these images. It is important to understand the voice and tone of the narrator in a story or a poem. One should keep in mind the fact that even in first personal poems the ‘I’ in the poem is not always the author or someone who is quite identical to him. The ‘I’ in the poem could be â€Å"a character separate and different from the author† (Schakel & Ridl 571). Charles Bukowski’s poem â€Å"My Old Man† narrates the relationship between a father and the son and the reader understands from the second stanza of the poem that Henry is the narrator of the poem and that he is not a persona of

Terrorism over the world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Terrorism over the world - Essay Example Instead, governments are busy gearing up defences against faceless terrorism. World had been sceptical about the 'intelligence' which saw things that never existed in Iraq and intelligence failure is considered to be one the main problems in terrorism. It is interesting that highly equipped, well endowed intelligence agencies have miserably failed in areas like Afghanistan and Iraq. There is a practical reason behind it. Western intelligence cannot employ westerners who are stunningly conspicuous and agencies are forced to employ locals. Some of the locals mislead purposely, or due to lack of co-ordination, training, language disabilities, information goes awry. Intelligence agencies have to rely upon them for their sources in alien countries. Failure in collecting relevant, timely and genuine information had been the root cause of many problems, including Iraq Conducting wars on terror in far-flung lands, adjusting to local conditions and weather, making decisions independently in unfamiliar atmosphere as against the abundant knowledge of inhabitants that local terrorists possess, had been not only expensive, but also erroneous, uncertain and at times deplorable. Poverty, deprivation, and thwarted aspirations had been main reasons to respond to the siren song of extremism, though many thinkers negate this assumption. Without containing these problems, controlling extremism cannot be long-lasting. Unless the extreme injustice, deprivation and inequality of fellow human beings are addressed, terrorism cannot be controlled completely. But this could be tackled only through a long drawn plan and definitely impossible to be applied as a yard stick, because the results we need should happen now. The disliking of America and Europe as a result of wrong policies, racism, colonialism, history and economic highhandedness that accumulated for nearly a century and more, has not made the white race exactly popular and even actions taken backed by the best interests are looked down upon with suspicion, hatred and cynicism. Failure in building an international cohesive front against terrorism, ignoring United Nations and sensible voices belonging to leaders of small countries too have additional negative effect. Eliminating the fertile ground upon which terrorism thrives had been impossible even in a country like Pakistan, which is totally under control of US, but works as a vast University for budding terrorists. This shows the futility of trying to contain it in unfriendly countries. Problem areas like Palestine, Lebanon, Kashmir, internal problems of Sri Lanka between two ethnicities and ruthless leadership of Prabhakaran, LTTE supreme, Osama and his clout amongst fanatic Muslims, rise of Hamas and Hezbollah, unending extremism in Iraq, all these issues keep smouldering, continuously feeding into terrorism. A miracle could not be expected unless there is a genuine addressing of these issues. It is impossible to ignore the carelessness with which West, especially America, allowed many opportunities to slip through its fingers. Terrorist activities should be deprived of media attention and as long as media creates heroes and role models out of terrorists, it is tough to be eradicated. "To be sure, because terrorism, however local, is by its very nature a world-wide theatrical attraction, it tends to encourage

Research Paper Thesis Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Thesis Statement - Research Paper Example e basic potential marketing needs for Toyota Company is to identify the most effective means to facilitate effective and productive expansion of the company in the modern intricate global market (Markus 2005). The understanding of the customers’ needs as well as proper utilisation of transfer market channels is some of the main market needs of Toyota Motor Corporation. The financial and economic forces in Toyota Motor Corporation are the consistent fall in the financial situation of the company and the identification of the most valuable market strategy to prosper in modern economic advancement. Moreover, for the Toyota Motor Corporation to flourish in present market, the company ought to deal with some legal and social forces that entail understanding of the existing legislation in new markets as well as adapting to changes in policies in different states and political settings. Socio-economic forces have also become a major challenge in a considerable number of multinational corporations. To achieve its long terms goals, the Toyota Motor Corporation ought to understand the socio-cultural needs of different social and cultural settings. The understanding of the competitive forces in global markets will be very essential for the success of the company. In this regard, the Toyota Motor Corporation should undertake a comprehensive analysis of all its competitors in global market to understand their economic and financial

Arab World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Arab World - Essay Example an, Palestine and Syria, Maghreb that is composed of part of Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, and Libya, and the Arabian Peninsula that is composed of Oman, Yemen, Bahrain, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Kuwait (Yafi, 2012, pg. 18). These regions have differences in terms of economy, culture, political systems, timing, people, and the history. This paper defines the differences in the Arab World regions in terms of political systems, economy, and education after the Arab Spring. The political system is one of the major differences in these regions. The political boundaries of the Arab Peninsula is comprised of Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and the United Arab Emirates. The vast region of the Arab Peninsula is covered by the Saudi Arabia. The majority of this population also comes from Saudi Arabia. The six countries from the Arab Peninsula have formed the Gulf Cooperation Council that oversees the running and maintenance of a political unity in these countries (Yafi, 2012, pg. 23). The six countries are Qatar, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oman, and the United Arab Emirates. Most of these countries are monarchies except Bahrain, and Yemen. The Maghreb is made up of various modern territories. These include Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, and Mauritania. The formation of the Maghreb is linked to the need to promote co-operation both economically and politically the region through Muammar Gadhafi. The countries are republics except Morocco w hich is a monarchy. The Mashriq region is composed of countries that are on the Eastern side of Egypt. It composes countries such as Egypt, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, and Jordan. Jordan is the only country that remains as a monarchy while the other countries are republics (Yafi, 2012, pg. 13). In terms of education, the regions have experienced issues that relate to the education of women. The literacy levels of the youths is higher in these countries compared to the adult literacy levels. The Arab Peninsula

After Reading The Road Not Taken Essay Example for Free

After Reading The Road Not Taken Essay Introduction Within works of literature, often times the most valuable part of the work is not that which is readily apparent after a quick reading of the work; the true gems to be found within literature are those which are only discovered after a thorough study of the work and a deep consideration of what the author is really trying to convey to a reader, or perhaps conclusions that readers can draw on their own through the use of their imagination and interpretation. With all of this in mind, Robert Frost’s The Road Not Taken will be the focus of this research. Why This Work was Chosen There are several reasons why this work was chosen as the focus of the research; first, even when the work is quickly read and taken just at face value, as was earlier discussed, the words flow beautifully and make the mind of the reader travel, just as the narrator of the work seems to do. When Frost uses such adjectives as â€Å"yellow†, â€Å"grassy† and the like, one feels peaceful and calm. On the other hand, just as this work reveals certain elements to the reader from the first reading, closer review and consideration drives the imagination of the reader to create other reactions and conclusions about the work, and perhaps that is the best thing that any work can do-to inspire the reader to a higher level of thought, emotion and belief. With all of this in mind, it is now possible to discuss reactions to Frost’s work which makes all of these points much clearer. Reactions to the Work Simply put, the first reaction that came about through a study of The Road Not Taken is one of excitement for the limitless opportunities open to human beings as indicated by Frost. When Frost wrote: â€Å"Two roads diverged in a wood, and I I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference† (Frost, 1930, p. 131), what he appears to be saying is that by taking on those challenges and directions in life that other cannot or will not take on in fact can strengthen the individual and give them a deeper and more meaningful life. Additionally, this work has also come across as a highly inspirational one, as it tells the reader that they can be or do anything they choose- representation of the ultimate level of freedom. Conclusion As this research moves toward its conclusion, there are a few key points that deserve repeating. First, this research has shown that through the talents of skilled authors, words can in fact be put into sentences and phrases which transport the reader to another place and state of emotion. In this way, people are able to be enhanced and changed by reading, and experiencing, given works of literature. Second, while many works are captivating and enlightening from the first reading of them, the more and more that they are read and more deeply studied, there are new attributes which come to the surface. Third, and perhaps most importantly, literature proves that the human experience is not something which reaches a certain level or age and is considered complete; rather, it is a constantly changing and ongoing phenomenon which is enriched through things such as literature which expand the mind, broaden the imagination, and soothe the soul of readers. These conclusions came to mind as a result of studying The Road Not Taken and only prove, once again, that choosing this work to research was an excellent idea. References Frost, R. (1930). Collected Poems of Robert Frost. New York: Henry Holt.

Work Group Performance And Satisfaction At Utp Management Essay

Work Group Performance And Satisfaction At Utp Management Essay For the purposes of completing on my report about work group, performance and satisfaction, I was selecting my workplace as a organization requirement to evaluate. My workplace is UTP. Base on references from www.utp.edu.my, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP) was established on January 10, 1997. UTP offers a wide range of engineering and technology programmes at undergraduate and postgraduate levels complemented with a strong focus on Research and Development. Due to assess of performance and satisfaction of a work group, I was selecting one of the UTPs department which is IT Multimedia Services Dept. or ITMS. Under ITMS dept, it has sub division called Information Technology and Facilities Operation, named as ITFO. Furthermore, ITFO has 3 work groups which consist of Inventory Management, Deployment Production and IT Helpdesk Training. These groups are classified as Formal Groups and characterized as Task Groups. All the said groups have interdependence from each other as illustrated in Figure 1.1. Figure 1.1: ITFO Work Group: source: UTP ITMS Dept. 1.1 Explanation of work group, performance and satisfaction Based on reference from Wikipedia.com, the definition of work group is a group of people working together toward a common goal, also known as a  working group. Another definition of work group is a group which consists of two or more individual that interacts primarily to share information and to make decision to help each member perform within his or her area of responsibility. Work group have no need or opportunity to engage in collective work that requires joint effort. So their performance is merely the summation of each group members individual contribution. There is no positive synergy that would create an overall level of performance that is greater than sum of the input. (Robbins, 2004) With regard to Group Behaviour Model which I will elaborate later in this report, can lead members of a group towards developing effective groups where it can improve performance and satisfaction of its members and ensure success of the organisation. Effective groups are groups that have creative ideas, accomplish their tasks and can adapt to any changes. Group members will be more involved with the group and goals of the organisation. As a manager, he or she need to see and assess the strategies required to develop effective groups in an organisation. Elements that need extra attention are those involving people, organisation and the assigned task/s. A high degree of understanding between the group leader and his/her members also has a positive effect on the performance and satisfaction of group members. 2.0 Five Components of GBM being practices from selected company Figure 2.1: Group Behaviour Model. Source: Robbins, S.P.(2003) Group Behavior Model or GBM as illustrated on figure 2.1 are the main components which are influencing to the performance and satisfaction levels of groups. I will explain each components of GBM where the company being practices. 2.1 An external condition is imposed on group Every work groups is influence by external conditions imposed by outside it. This external conditions include organizations overall strategy, the structure of authority, formal regulations, resources, employees selection process, performance appraisal and reward system, culture and workplace condition. Organizational Strategy, typically, overall strategy of the  organization  is usually determined  by top management. They  have  developed  the organizational goals  and how to achieve  these  goals.  For example,  they  can  direct the  organization  to reduce costs, improve  quality, etc. These  strategies  can  affect the  power of  the various  working groups, particularly in  determining  the resources  needed  to  carry out from them.  For example, termination of contract to IT maintenance vendor and UTPs employees need to take over. This action  will affect the  work group  which will  increase  their  anxiety  and further potential to  improve  the  internal  conflict. The organization has the authority structures that define who reports to whom, who make decisions, and the types of decisions can be made by individuals or groups. This structure determines where a working group placed in a hierarchical organization, the formal leader of a group, and as well as formal relationships between the groups. Organization established rules, procedures, policies, job descriptions and other forms formal regulations to standardize the behavior of workers. The more rules formally applied to all workers, the more consistent and predictable behavior from them. Meanwhile, organizations resource such as money, time, materials, and other equipment have a major impact on group behavior. Some organizations have a lot of resources on which the employee obtained modern tools and equipment, sufficient and high quality. Organization with limited resources will affected of group activities. For employee selection process, A member of a work group is also a member of the organisation because the group is a part of the organisation. Accordingly, the criteria employed by the organisation for employee selection purposes will also be used to decide who becomes part of a group. Another variable that can affect all employees is the performance appraisal and reward system. The company provided specific, challenging and achievable goals. Reward will be given to both individual and groups for their achievement. Since groups are part of a bigger organisation, the behaviour of group members are also influenced by the manner in which organizations appraise a certain task that has been achieved and the kind of behavior that is rewarded. Each organization has their own culture in which it has defined standard behavior is acceptable and not acceptable to the employee. After a few months joining the organization, most employees will begin to understand the cultural practice in the organization. Group members are also part of the organization must follow dominant cultural practices of the organization although they have their own subculture. Subculture refers to a culture that received only adopted by certain groups within the organization. Finally, work group behaviour is also influenced by the workplace condition where condition of the workplace as provided by the organisation. Physical layout of employees work space, the location of equipment, etc are provided with amicable work environment. All these can simultaneously be obstructions and opportunities for the interaction of work groups. 2.2 Resources for Group Members Figure 2.2: General resources available to group members The potential level of achievement of the group is dependent on the resources carried by each member of the group. In this section, we will look at two sources generally highly significant, the ability of self and personality characteristics. Personal Capability means the knowledge, skills and abilities that exist in an individual. A large part of the groups performance can be predicted by assessing the knowledge and skills that exist in each of its members. It is true, even though a group of players who are moderate, but because the best coach, team spirit is high, they can finally beat a group of players much better. But this does not always happen. Evidence shows that there is a positive correlation between good interpersonal skills and group achievement. This refers to the management and resolution of conflict, cooperation in problem solving and communication skills. According to the ITFO group members, the manager has been selecting each member following their skill and capability. Many  studies  about personality traits have shows that  there is  a  clear  relationship between the characteristics personality  and attitude  and  behavior of  the group.  The properties  have a  positive relationship  with our culture  also  showed  a positive relationship  with productivity, morale and  closeness  or  solidarity  groups.  These features  also  include features  such as  easily hang out,  take initiative,  openness, and  flexibility.  On the other hand,  negative features  such as  authoritarianism, dominant, and  not  according to  custom (unconventionality)  showed  a negative relationship  with productivity, morale  and the closeness of  the group.  These  personality traits  affect  the performance of the  group  by the way  people interact  with  other  members of  the  group. 2.3 Group Structure The working group has a structure that could form the behavior of group members. It also enables the majority of individual behavior and group performance groups described and predicted. The structure of the group include formal leadership, roles, norms, group status, group size, composition and the degree of closeness of the group. (Please refer Appendix for the main Group Structure and function of ITMS dept.) (a) Formal Leadership Nearly all work groups have a formal leader. ITMS dept has managers, supervisors, project leader and head of a particular committee such as ITFO. Leaders play an important role in the success of a group. (b) Roles Each member of a work group has his/her own role to play with a set of expected behavior patterns accompanying his/her position and responsibilities within the group. It found that, each person of ITFO have more than one role to play at any given time within his/her different groups. Beside of ITFO task, the members from level 2 and 1 (figure 1.1) have their main job such as computer lab administration. (c) Norms All groups have established norms. These norms, which strongly influence work behavior was defined as acceptable standards of behavior. An effective work group will establish norms on quality, punctuality, absenteeism, safety, honesty in giving ideas and others. (d) Group Status Status is a socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others. Awarding of status can influence the behavior of groups. ITFO practicing the title hold of the workgroups leaders are depending of staff grade such as grade ST3 in level 2 and ST2 and ST1 at level 1 (figure 1.1). (e) Group Size Smaller groups are more productive than larger ones. On the other hand, larger groups deal better with problem solving since more ideas are put forth. ITFO is a small group that consists of 3 to 6 members of each workgroups. (f) Group Composition Most group of ITMS and ITFO have their skill and knowledge. When the group consists of various personalities gender, age, education level and experiences, the greater the chances are for that group to accomplish its task successfully. Heterogeneous groups are more effective compared with homogeneous ones because they possess more abilities, skills, and information as a result of having members from a variety of backgrounds. However, it is also worth noting that both heterogeneous and homogeneous groups have their own strengths and weaknesses. (g) Cohesiveness ITFO workgroups are differ in their level of cohesiveness, which is the degree of members being attracted to each other and are motivated to stay in the group. For instance, some work groups are cohesive because the members have spent a great deal of time together, the groups small size facilitates high interaction or the group has experienced external threats, which has resulted in its members becoming very close. Cohesiveness is important since it has proven to be positive towards the productivity of a group. 2.4 Group Processes Figure 2.3: General resources available to group members When the working group in which each member contributions are not clear, there is a tendency for individuals to reduce effort. In other words, social loafing describes the loss of certain processes as a result the group. However, the processes also can produce results positive such as the group could produce output exceeds input used. Heterogeneous group are potential to generate various creative alternatives. Figure 2.3 and 2.4 illustrated the resource of group members and effects of group process. Figure 2.4: Effects of group processes. Source: Adapted from Robbins (2003). 2.5 Group Task Tasks can be classified as either simple or complex. A standard task or routine is usually simple. A complex task is usually unusual as not in the norm and is seldom carried out. With simple or routine, group members simply need to follow the standard procedure in performing the task without the need to discuss the alternatives. Similarly, group members need to interact more often if the degree of task dependency is high. Group performance relies on effective communication and minimum level of conflict among members. 3.0 Evaluation of the 5 components of GBM in UTP organization All evaluation findings are based on personal interview and observation from the members of the ITFO work group (figure 1.1). The evaluations resulted were obtained without difficulties because selected company is my workplace and I am one of the members of ITFO work group. These are the evaluations findings based on the GBM model: 3.1 An external condition is imposed on group. a) Organizational Strategy Overall strategy of the  organization  is usually  determined by top management. They  have  developed  the organizational goals  and  how  to achieve  these goals.  For example,  UTP has reduced costs of operation instead of hired outsource to organized convocation ceremony by build a certain group to handle it. ITFO group is formed to support such event directly. b) Authority structures Is defined who reports to whom, who make decisions, and the types of decisions are clearly stated to groups members. This structure was cleared to ITFO to follow hierarchical organization (figure 1.1), the formal leader of a group, and as well as formal relationships between the groups. UTP has established standard rules, procedures, policies, job descriptions and other forms. c) Formal Regulations UTP has employee regulation and personal conduct which is cleared to all employees. Its help to the company to determine group behaviour. d) Organizations Resource It found that, money is the major concern need to pay attention. such as when group request budget which is required from the task like purchase high end computer to accelerate particular job, it always take longer time to approve. Thus, activities of the group will effect. e) Employee Selection Process ITFO has selected member to enter the group is within UTPs staff and recommended by ITMS managers. f) Performance Appraisal and Reward System. The UTP management provides specific, challenging and achievable goals such as, become Research University in 2013 and also practiced cleared mention about Performance Appraisal and Reward System. Behavior of group members is influence by the manner in which organizations appraise a certain task that has been achieved and the kind of behavior that is rewarded. g) Culture. The ITFO followed the UTP standard culture which has no obstacle to be effective work group. All members are Muslim and also most of UTP Top management. Thus, culture is same among them. h) Workplace Condition UTP has provided better and amicable employees work environment. The opportunity for the interaction for the all work groups is excellence. 3.2 Resources for Group Members a) Personal Capability- According to the ITFO group members, the manager has been selecting each member following their skill and capability. For example, group of IT Helpdesk and Training (figure 1.1) is consist of capable members who are able to develop System Helpdesk and maintain. They have strong programming language. b) Personality Traits ITFO manager and supervisor which are support level and level 3 (figure 1.1) has determined each members from level 2 and 1 are based on personality trait. For example of some members which have lack of communication skill are not really suitable in Deployment and Production which is required good communication skill to interact outside from the groups. 3.3 Group Structure (a) Formal Leadership ITFO Leaders play an important role in the success of a group. (b) Roles Each member of a work group has their own role to play with a set of expected behavior patterns accompanying their position and responsibilities within the group. It found that, each person of ITFO have more than one role to play at any given time within their different groups. Beside of ITFO task, the members from level 2 and 1 (figure 1.1) have their main job such as computer lab administration. From the evaluation made, the level acceptance and satisfaction of tasks are moderate. (c) Norms In terms of quality, punctuality, absenteeism, safety, honesty in giving ideas and others, it was found the situations of all characteristic is fare, which means there are no big issue arise in the group. (d) Group Size It found that, the ITFO group size is acceptable to the tasks requirement. (e) Group Composition All group members of ITMS and ITFO have their skill and knowledge. It consists of various personalities gender, age, education level and experiences. Heterogeneous groups such ITFO IT Helpdesk and Deployment groups are more effective compared with homogeneous such as Inventory Management sub group because they possess more abilities, skills, and information as a result of having members from a variety of backgrounds. However, each group members have their own strengths and weaknesses. (f) Cohesiveness It found that, cohesiveness among ITFO is excellence because they interact well each other and the tasks given which is interrelated flows effectively. For example, the IT Helpdesk assigned task such as troubleshoot customer (lecturer) computer problem to the Deployment Production group. The result found they are easily interacts each other without conflict. 3.4 Group Processes ITFO work group has formed base on decision made from Support Level and Level 3 in figure 1.1. The main objective is to accelerate and give better IT Media services to UTP organisation. Based on the result since a year ITFO been established, effectiveness of the work group is still being monitored by ITMS manager. Support level has claimed that, there is positive movement in terms of efficiency of task given. For example, Deployment Production group (figure 1.1) has given task on migration of new computer laboratory instead of the custodian of the laboratory do their own migration which is consumed longer time and more effort. 3.5 Group Task Result from the findings, it found, with a simple or routine task, group members did well in term of follow the standard procedure in performing the task without the need to discuss the alternatives such as, how to log user problem in the Helpdesk system or how to install MS Office to the user computer. Similarly, group members have interact more often if the degree of task dependency is high. For example, available version of software like MATLAB cant be installed to the new OS computer. Thus, ITFO work group (inventory management and Deployment group) need to work together to find alternative and decision have to be made. Group performance of ITFO is having effective communication and minimum level of conflict among members. 4.0 Workgroups Performance and Satisfaction Based on the Group Behavior Model which I was elaborated above, can lead members of a group towards developing effective groups where it can improve performance and satisfaction of its members and ensure success of the organisation. From the findings, ITFO it closely to be an effective group due to the creative ideas among members, accomplish their tasks and can adapt to any changes such as IT revolution. As a IT manager on Support level in figure 1.1, he was able to see and assess the strategies required to develop effective groups in an organization. For example, he encourages the workgroups member to attend suitable training to particular area of their expertise such as inventory management system to the inventory management workgroup. Nevertheless, the level 3 (figure 1.1) need extra attention in cohesiveness matter to their subordinate group which resulted less cohesiveness. Then, a degree of understanding between the group leader and his/her members is moderate. For example, biasness occurred and favorable practices. If the situation can be eliminate, positive effect on the performance and satisfaction of group members will increase. 5.0 Conclusion and Recommendation to improve performance and satisfaction From the findings, it concluded that, better GBM approaches from selected company can lead members of a group towards developing effective groups where it can improve performance and satisfaction of its members and ensure success of the organization. External condition imposed on the group such as better performance appraisal and reward system is the most concerned into effectiveness of the work group performance and satisfaction. These are the three recommendations on how to improve performance satisfaction from the selected company: a) The performance appraisal and reward system from the company can be said stated clearly, but the result at the end is not the same of what members group has expected. Thus, misjudge about performance evaluation of the particular group must be eliminate and required accuracy. b) Cohesiveness of superior and support level 3 (figure 1.1) to their subordinate group members must be strength. According to Robbins (2004) Cohesiveness is importance because it has been found to be related to the groups productivity. To strengthen cohesiveness, the leader must frequently meet groups member such as conduct meeting twice a month, or involved external activity such as team building and sport event. c) From the findings, group task of each work group is claimed to be bias from certain member. For example, Deployment Production work group perceived that their task load is heavy compared to Inventory Management. Thus, leader must clearly state about task segregation and be balanced to each work groups member due to workgroup productivity and job satisfaction. Total number of words: 3387 References Dr. Faizuniah Pangil, Dr. Fais Ahmad, Dr. Ooi Yeng Keat, Hanisah A. Razak, Naslina Zakaria, Zulufli Aziz, Ruhana Busu, Assoc Prof Dr. Husna Johari (2010). BBGO4103 Organisational Behaviour. (2nd Edition). Meteor Doc. Sdn. Bhd. Selangor Darul Ehsan. Robbins, Stephen P (2003). Organizational Behavior (10th ed.). Pearson Educational, Incorporated. Schermerhorn, J.R., Hunt, J. G., Osborn, R. N. (2003). Organizational Behavior (8th ed.). USA: Wiley, John Sons, Incorporated. Collela, A., Hitt, M., Miller, C. (2006). Organisational behaviour: A strategic approach. USA: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Whai is workgroup. (n.d). Retrieved March 3, 2011, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workgroup

Impact Of Self Help Groups Economics Essay

Impact Of Self Help Groups Economics Essay Self-Help Groups means a group of 10-20 members which may or may not be registered representing financial intermediation, but the financial intermediation is not the only primary objective of the groups. The motive is to combine the access to low-cost financial services with a process of self management and development. NGOs or Government agencies usually form and support these SHGs. The members of these groups save the amount which is used for loans. Inspite of considerable expansion in the branch network, a large share of Indias population continuous to remain outside the formal banking system. Due to widespread rural bank branch network, the SHG-Bank Linkage Programme is very suitable to the Indian context. Although various alternative ways are being experimented in order to meet the objectives of financial inclusion. The SHG-Bank Linkage Programme is considered a most successful, promising and widely accepted model in India. Self Help Group Bank Linkage Programme- a pilot project started by NABARD is widely accepted model as one of the largest and successful one in the world. The present study is analytical and based upon secondary data which has been collected from different published reports, journals and existing available literature. The objective of this study is to evaluate the progress and impact of self help group bank linkage programme. Key Words: Growth, Models, Self-Help Group, SHG-Bank Linkage Programme. Introduction The Self-Help Group (SHG) movement originated in Bangladesh under the Leadership of Noble Laureate Mohamed Yunus. It is a noble mission- an innovative concept that has its roots in Bangladesh and has touched every part of the globe. In order to achieve the mission of reaching those families who did not access to credit by any formal financial institution and, therefore, were dependent on informal sources and moneylenders, the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) introduced the SHG Bank Linkage Programme as a pilot project in 1992. Thereafter, RBI had advised commercial banks to participate actively in this programme. Subsequently, this programme was further extended to all Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) and cooperative banks. SHGs through the network of commercial banks, RRBs cooperative banks, NABARD and NGOs has been largely supply driven as well as a recent approach in the provision of financial services to the poor. This paper is an attempt to analyse the SH Gs movement in India as these are helpful in order to alleviate poverty and women empowerment. The present study is analytical and based upon secondary data which has been collected from different published reports, journals and existing available literature. The objective of this study is to evaluate the progress of self help group bank linkage programme. Self Help Group Self Help Group means a group of 15-20 members which have become a common vehicle of development covering various development programmes. Financial intermediation is not the only objective but the purpose behind this is to combine the access to low cost financial services with a process of self management and development. SHGs are usually formed and supported by NGOs or Government agencies. SHGs are small, informal and homogenous groups of not more than20 members each. Any group larger than the size of 20 members has to be registered under Indian legal system. So it is recommended to be informal to keep them away from bureaucracy, corruption, unnecessary administrative expenditure and profit motive. Groups are also expected to be homogenous so that members can participate freely without any fear as well as conflicting interest. SHGs have also emerged as a powerful device and an effective medium for delivering credit to the poor in the rural economy. It helps in poverty alleviation an d women empowerment. Self-help groups (SHGs) movement has triggered off a silent revolution in the rural credit delivery system in India. SHG Bank Linkage Programme The Self-Help Group Bank Linkage Programme (SHBL) which started as a pilot programme in 1992 has developed at a very fast rate with time. SHG-Bank Linkage Programme was started on the basis of the recommendation of S K Kalia Committee. While the SHG-bank linkage Programme has experienced exponential growth over the past decade, there remain large regional disparities in the growth of the SHG movement with limited progress in certain regions. Though the SHG-Bank Linkage Programme contributed to improve economic conditions, social change was not as apparent, and there are concerns of sustainability and further development of self reliance of the institutions. The SHG-Bank Linkage Programme has the following objectives: To develop mutual faith and confidence between the rural poor and bankers To combine sensitivity, flexibility and responses of the informal credit system with the strength of administration capabilities, technical strength and the financial resources of the formal financial institutions. To expand credit flow/ financial services to the rural poor with less transaction costs. To alleviate poverty and empower the women. Models of SHG-Bank Linkage Programme The strategy behind these models is to form small, cohesive and participative groups of the poor and encourage them to pool their savings regularly and use the pooled savings in order to make small interest bearing loans available to the members. Bank credit also becomes available to the group to augment its resources for the purpose of lending to its members. The SHG-bank linkage program has proved to be the major supplementary credit delivery system with a wide acceptance by banks, NGOs and various government departments. There are three models of SHG-bank linkages that have evolved over time, especially in India. MODEL I. SHGs formed and financed by banks In this model, banks themselves take up the work of forming and nurturing the groups, opening their bank accounts and providing them with bank loans after satisfying themselves as to their maturity to absorb credit. Upto March 2006, about 20% of the total number of SHGs financed was from this category. This shows an increase of 61.63 percent in bank loan to SHGs over the position as on March 2005 reflecting an increased role of banks in promoting and nurturing SHGs. Here, the banks act as the SHGPI. MODEL II. SHGs formed by NGOs and formal organisations but directly financed by the banks In this model, groups are formed by NGOs (in most cases) or by the government agencies. The groups are nurtured and trained by the agencies. The bank then provides credit directly to the SHGs after observing their operations and maturity to absorb credit. While the bank provides loans to the groups directly, the facilitating agencies continue their interactions with the SHGs. Most linkage experiences begin with this model, where NGOs play a major role. This model has also been popular with and more acceptable to banks, since some of the difficult functions of social dynamics are externalized. This model continuous to have a major share. About 70 percent of the total number of SHGs is financed under this model. MODEL III. SHGs financed by banks using NGOs and other agencies as financial intermediaries   For various reasons, banks in some areas are not in a position even to finance SHGs promoted and nurtured by other agencies. In such cases, the NGOs act as both facilitators and microfinance intermediaries. First, they promote the groups, nurture and train them and then they approach banks for bulk loans for further lending to SHGs. In other words, banks take the sole responsibility for promoting, developing and financing SHGs. In fact, this programme requires considerable effort by the bank staff towards the formation of SHG. This model is not so encouraging. Models of SHG Linkages Bank Loans Model Number of Linkages % of Total Amount (Rs. In million) % of Total 1. 13561 14 339.79 18 2. 65636 70 1339.95 69 3. 15448 16 250.10 13 A major share of population in India continuous to remain outside the formal banking system inspite of considerable expansion in the branch network. And various alternative models are being experimented in order to meet the objective of financial inclusion. The SHG-Bank Linkage model is considered a most successful, promising and widely accepted model in India. This model was introduced in 1991-92 with a pilot project of linking 500 SHGs with banks and this figure has gone up to more than 34 lakh by the end of March 2008.Cummulatively, these SHGs have assessed credit of Rs. 22,268 crore from banks during the period. About 4.1 crore poor have gained access to the formal system through the programme. The number of SHGs linked to banks has increased from 32995 during 1998-99 to 3477965 during 2007-08 during the period of last about ten years. It means there is an impressive 68 percent compound annual growth rate. But the compound annual growth rate is almost double each year for the cum ulative bank loan to SHGs which is 94 percent. The faster growth in bank loans to SHGs has led to almost a four-fold increase in the average loans per SHG from Rs. 16,816 in 1999-2000 to Rs. 63,926 in 2007-08. These figures reflect the outstanding success of the programme in the Chart 1 given below. Chart I: Growth of SHG-Bank Linkage Programme 4 Progress of the SHG-Bank linkage Programme NABARD introduced an effective SHG-Bank Linkage Programme in order to provide credit to very small borrowers. The introduction of the SHG-Bank linkage Programme to discard the general perception of bankers that customers with no formal education or source of income or of no use to the bank and thus are not welcome. Since the year 2000, the statistical data show the rate of growth in SHGs linked under the programme is gradually falling in the year 1999-2000 the growth rate was more than 245% whereas it fell below 38.3% in 2005-06. However, the higher growth in the late nineties may be due to initial penetration of SHGs under the programme. With the formation of new SHGs, the scope is widened which will improve the condition of the poor households and it should be worked upon. Table 1 shown below the cumulative progress of SHG-Bank Linkage Programme. Table I: Cumulative Progress of SHG-Bank Linkage Programme (INR in crores) Year SHGs Linked Bank Loan Refinance Assistance 1992-93 255 0.29 0.27 1995-96 4757 6.06 5.66 1998-99 32955 57.07 52.09 2002-03 461478 2048.67 796.50 2005-06 2238565 11397.46 4159.70 2006-07 2924973 17967.46 5452.56 2007-08 3477965 26816.72 7068.06 2008-09 4559443 39070.23 9688.09 Note: From 2006-07 onwards, data on number of SHGs financed by banks and bank loans are inclusive of Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojna(SGSY) SHGs and existing groups receiving repeat loans. Source: NABARD Annual Report 2008-09 The above table shows the cumulative progress in this area with the amount of refinance assistance during the respective periods. Disparity in the SHG-Bank linkage Programme SHG-Bank Linkage Programme was started with the objective of extending the outreach of banking the poor, who mainly comprise the marginal farmers, landless labourers, artisans and craftsmen and others engaged in the small businesses such as vending and hawking. Now the important point is that whether the programme has really made inroads into the regions where concentration of poverty is comparatively higher. And this can be found if we compare the poverty ratio at all India level with the ratio of various regions. Earlier, during 2004-05, the all-India poverty ratio stood at about 27.6 per cent while the Northern (15.7 per cent), North- Eastern (19.2 per cent), Southern (19.8 per cent) and Western region (25.8 per cent) had lower than the all-India poverty ratio, Central (35 per cent), and Eastern Region (36.2 per cent) had higher poverty ratios than at the all-India level. Now this variation is comparatively changed with the expansion of number of SHGs. Similarly, there has been skewed development of SHG-Bank linkage programme on geographical basis in India. There is wide regional disparity both in terms of the spread of SHGs linked to banks and cumulative bank loans disbursed under the programme. In March 2008, while the Southern Region accounted for 48.2 per cent of the total SHGs, the share of North- Eastern Region was just 3.4 per cent as depicted in table 2. In terms of share in the total bank loans to SHGs, the region-wise differential gets further magnified. So far, the SHG movement in the country is mostly south-centric and it is yet to take off in the real sense in other regions of India. Table II: Region-wise Progress of SHG-Bank Linkage Programme (As on March 31, 2008) Regions Share (%) in Programme No. of SHGs Loans to SHGs (Rs. crore) Average Loans per SHG (Rs.) No. of SHGs Loans to SHGs SHGs per Lakh Population Northern 2,30,740 851 36,899 6.6 3.8 156 North Eastern 1,19,520 327 27,364 3.4 1.5 283 Eastern 6,72,626 2,372 35,268 19.3 10.7 274 Central 4,05,707 1,501 36,990 11.7 6.7 142 Western 3,74,561 1,320 35,254 10.8 5.9 229 Southern 16,74,811 15,896 94,915 48.2 71.4 703 All India 34,77,965 22,268 64,027 100.0 100.0 310 Source: NABARD While the Southern Region accounted for 71.4 per cent of the total loans to SHGs, the share of North-Eastern Region was just about 1.5 per cent. For all regions excluding Southern Region, even though the share of total SHGs linked to banks was close to 51.8 per cent, their share in total loans to SHGs was only 28.6 per cent implying that adequate credit is not being routed through SHGs in these regions. As the regions vary in geographical area and population, the number of SHGs is normalized by the population of the region and SHG per lakh population has been taken as a better indicator of SHG spread in the respective regions. The number of SHGs per lakh population for the Southern Region is 703, which is more than double the average at all-India (310) and almost five times of the Central Region (142). All these data given in the table shows an impressive growth in southern region followed by eastern, central and others. The SHG Bank Linkage Model has made considerable progress since its inception in the early 1990s and agency wise outstanding number of credit linked SHGs and amount of loans with Banks is presented in Table3 given below. Table III: Bank Loans Outstanding under SHG-Bank Linkage Programme Agency 2008 09 2009-10 No. of SHGs (in000) Amount (Rs. In Crores) No. of SHGs (in000) Amount (Rs. In Crores) Commercial Banks 2831 16149 3237 20165 Regional Rural Banks 978 5224 1104 6144 Cooperative Banks 415 1306 510 1729 Total 4224 22679 4851 28038 Source: Status of Microfinance in India 2009-10 Banks have financed 15.87 lakh SHGs, including repeat loan to the existing SHGs, with bank loans of Rs. 14,453 crores during 2009-10. Out of the total loans disbursed during 2009-10, SHGs financed under SGSY accounted for 2.67 lakh (16.9%) with bank loan of Rs. 2198.00 crore (15.2%). As on March 2010, the average loan amounts outstanding per SHG and per member were Rs. 57795 and Rs. 4128 respectively. The estimated number of households covered under the Self Help Group (SHG)-Bank Linkage Programme was 9.7 crores up to 31 March 2010. Current Position of SHG-Bank Linkage Programme Though there are different models for purveying micro finance, the Self-Help Group Bank Linkage Programme has emerged as the major programme in the country. It is being implemented by commercial banks, regional rural banks (RRBs), and cooperative banks. In 2009-10, 1.59 million new SHGs were credit-linked with banks, and bank loan of 14,453 crore (including repeat loan) was disbursed to these SHGs. Further, about 6.95 million SHGs maintained savings accounts with banks at the end of March 2010. On an average, the amount of savings per SHG was 8,915 as compared to the amount of credit outstanding of 57,795 in 2009-10. While there was a continued increase in the amount of credit outstanding per SHG, there was a fluctuating trend in the amount of saving per SHG in the recent years. According to the Status of Micro Finance in India 2009-2010 released by National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) there are 69,53,000 SHGs in the country savings linked with banks and 48,51,000 SHGs having loan outstanding as on 31 March 2010.   The estimated number of households covered under this model is about 970 lakhs.   The total savings amount of all the SHGs with banks as on 31 March 2010 amounts to Rs.6198.71 crore and the total amount of loans outstanding against SHGs as on 31 March 2010 is Rs.28038.28 crore. Table IV: New SHGs Financed by Banks during the Year   Year New SHGs Financed by Banks during the Year No. (lakh) Amount (Rs. crore) Growth (%) 2007-08 12.28 8,849.26 2008-09 16.09 12,256.51 38.50 2009-10 15.87 14,453.30 17.90 2010-11 11.96 14,547.73 0.65 Source: National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) Under the SHG-Bank Linkage Programme as on 31 March 2011, 74.62 lakh SHGs held savings bank accounts with total savings of Rs. 7,016 crores as against 69.53 lakh SHGs with savings of Rs.6, 199 crores as on 31 March 2010. By December 2011, another 2.98 lakh SHGs have come under the ambit of the programme, taking the cumulative number of saving-linked groups to 77.60 lakh SHGs. As on 31 March 2011, 47.87 lakh SHGs had outstanding bank loans of Rs. 31,221 crores, as against 48.5 lakh SHGs with bank loans of Rs. 28,038 crore as on 31 March 2010. This represents a decline of 1.3 percent in the number of SHGs and a growth of 11.4 percent in bank loans outstanding to SHGs as per table 4 given above. During 2011-12, (upto December 2011), 4.51 lakh SHGs have been financed with an amount of Rs. 6,791.46 crore. Thus, the SHG-Bank Linkage Programme is considered as the largest financial inclusion programme in the world.   Conclusion SHG-Bank Linkage Programme is developed in India to provide finance to the vast rural poor. In this programme, the informal SHGs are credit linked with the formal financial institutions. The SHG-Bank Linkage Programme has emerged as a dominant, relevant and effective prorgramme in terms of borrowers and loans outstanding in India. It is flexible, independence creating, and imparts freedom of savings and borrowing according to the heterogeneous needs and requirements of the group members. Through this program, the Reserve Bank of India and NABARD has tried to promote relationship banking, i.e., Improving the existing relationship between the poor and the bankers with the social intermediation of the NGOs. The SHG-bank linkage program in India is rapidly expanding its outreach under the pioneering initiative of NABARD, the monitoring and supervision of RBI, and the promotional policies of the government of India. At the grass root level the program is being implemented by the commercial banks, cooperatives, and regional rural banks, with government agencies. Self-help groups (SHGs) play today major role in poverty alleviation in rural India. SHGs have changed the life of a particular individual or group for the better. This is considered not only a tool for poverty alleviation but also has proven to be relevant in offering women the possibility to break gradually away from the exploitation and isolation in India. The SHG-Bank Linkage Programme has provided a more favor able environment for enhancing Indias potential for greater equitable growth with empowerment while considering the positive signs in their performance.

Child Abuse and Neglect Essay -- Violence Against Children

Did you know that in 2011, nearly five children died every day in America from child abuse and neglect? In this research paper I will discuss what is child abuse and neglect. Then, we will discover why some parents choose to abuse their children. Next, I will dive into a discussion about the long term effects of child abuse. Finally, we will explore what age groups are affected by abuse. What is child abuse and neglect? According to Child Help, there are different forms of abuse. There is physical abuse which means any non- accidental injury to a child which includes hitting, kicking, slapping, burning, hair pulling, throwing, and whipping. There is also sexual abuse which is any sexual act between an adult and a child. This would be fondling, intercourse, and pornography. Example of another type of abuse would be emotional abuse which is any attitude or behavior that interferes with a child’s mental health. This would include yelling, screaming, shaming, and name-calling. What is neglect? Well this means a failure to provide for a child’s physical needs. There are different types of neglect such as physical, educational, emotional, medical. Physical neglect is leaving a child alone for an excessive period of time given the child's age and cognitive abilities. Educational neglect is when the Schmidt2 child is not allowed to attend school. Emotional neglect is when the parent encouraging the child to steal or engage in other illegal activities. Medical neglect is withholding medically indicated treatment from disabled infants with life-threatening conditions.Which would include a lack of supervision, inappropriate clothing for the weather, and denial of medical care. Most people wonder why parents choose to abuse their children... ...their children get an automatic child abuse charge and usually get their children taken away. Also sometimes parents have to take parenting classes to show they know they made mistakes. Work Cited Streetman, Cori P. "NATIONAL CHILDREN'S ALLIANCE." National Children's Alliance Digital Media Kit. National Children's Alliance, 2009. Web. 21 Nov. 2013. Young, Daphne. "National Child Abuse Statistics." Prevention and Treatment of Child Abuse. Child Help, 2013. Web. 21 Nov. 2013. Smith, Melinda. "Child Abuse & Neglect." : Recognizing, Preventing and Reporting Child Abuse. Help Guide, Aug. 2013. Web. 21 Nov. 2013. Berman, Laura. "Effects of Sexual Abuse." Oprah.com. N.p., 2013. Web. 25 Nov. 2013. McLean, Lynne. "What Is Child Abuse?" Collin County Children's Advocacy Center: Short and Long Term Effects of Abuse. Children's Advocacy Center, 2013. Web. 27 Nov. 2013.

Essay --

Ajibade Olorunfemi Professor Damion Quaye EN102 December 1, 2013 Sex Discrimination in Workplace Gender discrimination in a workplace refers to beliefs and attitudes in relation to the gender of a person at work. It is well-defined as adverse action again another person that would not have occurred had the person been another sex. Sexual discrimination should not be scrambled with sexual aggravation, although it is a form of sexual discrimination. Unfortunately, men and women face sex discernment. Women are one of the groups being discriminated against today. They try very hard to fit in and be successful in their careers. In Audre Lorde article on human differences, Age, class, sex and race, she also saw human difference could result as difference in sex. In this research, I was able to determine discernment against women is found in many workplaces. Some managers try to fix this problem, but others just ignore it. Companies that pretend that gender discrimination doesn’t exist are usually the ones that get sued for it most. Other companies try to avoid law suits by dea ling with sex discrimination and resolving fights before it gets to the law suits. Promotion and pay gap are the main concerns in gender discrimination. Many studies in the past and present have shown that women do not get promoted as fast as men and do not get the equal pay for the same kind of jobs as men. Many females feel as if they have been cheated, robbed of what they deserve. Glass ceiling prevents women from moving up in their careers, and in some cases makes it almost unbearable to get a promotion. In my opinion, female workers in the U.S. should be treated equally at work as their male coworkers. Females should be paid the same wages for the same skil... ...g Female† by Pozener, Jennifer L. Article from Montgomery College library database. 21 June 2013. â€Å"Gender discrimination in the corporate world,† by Pratik Gandhi and Sagal Agrawal. Human discrimination definition on .web 21 June 2013 â€Å"Women and Workplace Discrimination.† By Raymond F. Gregory. Book from Montgomery college library. 18 June 2013. â€Å"Sexually Explicit Images in Advertising.† By Tim Boyle. Article from Montgomery college library database. 21 June 2013 â€Å"Gender Work place problem†, by United State Supreme court. Article context from .web July 3 2013. Type 1 and Type 2. Context from by U.S supreme court. Article context from .web 26 June 2013. Women Career Planning, 1996. By women affair 1996. Article context from .web 26 June 2013. â€Å"Raise of Marginal Voice† by Statham Anne. Presents discrimination solutions, from Montgomery College library. 21 June 2013.

Alumni Tracer System

The Alumni tracer is a System that even they are far from the schools, the schools can communicate with the graduate students and to know more about their experiences and their careers after finished their studies. Technology is a tool and method used in solving problems and to make the work easier. In our modern generation, almost everything around us is made-up of technology and the most developed gadget in our generation is the computer wherein almost everyone needs it. Students, Teacher, or even a simple user can do anything they want in computers. It can make to help us to make our work easier and faster. Every schools-universities or institutions are using computers. Some of schools wants to remember all those person who have been part of their society, that’s why they want to know if the students from their school has a capability to compete their knowledge or skills to everyone and they want to know more about the students who are already graduated. College has always placed great emphasis on the importance of maintaining a close rapport with its alumni. In order to build and enhance the alumni network, the Alumni Affairs Office was established to act as an intermediary platform in bridging the gap between the College and its vast alumni members. It actively plays its role in maintaining a good relationship between the alumni and College as well as extending dynamic network between alumni from various School of Studies. The Alumni Affairs Office also plays an integral part in organizing various homecomings, thus effectively keeping the communication channel between the College and its alumni open, providing countless opportunities for its alumni in strengthening its networking ties and forging an everlasting bond of fellowship. Thus the researchers came up with an idea of creating an online alumni tracer. The Alumni Tracer is being used by several schools to conduct significant feedback, to reconnect graduates to their alma mater and to know the demographic profile of the employment record of the respondents. Several schools in the Philippines nowadays have been using it and integrate it through their official websites and/or alumni association’s page.

Somplaint letter Essay

Dear Ms Brennan, I am writing this letter of complaint about a very serious matter and it is not only affecting me but my whole class. I wanted to discuss a matter that has troubled me and my classmates for around 2- 3 months now, as I have seen there has been no progress in the situation I thought it would be better if you could see it from a student’s point of view. I have learnt that many of my other classmates have also come to you with our situation. I also know that you may well know who and what I am talking about, I am writing to you about our maths teacher Mrs Sanderson and how she teaches us. On many occasions Mrs Sanderson has showed us a video of someone drawing constructions etc and then very vaguely saying or pretty much repeating what the person has said and sat down and said â€Å"I will give you a worksheet about this and do it†. On another occasion she has asked a student to come up and practically teach a lesson for her and make the student explain everything. The student is Arin Tofi she is a very smart girl but I am also sure that she herself wants to sit down, learn and do her work too. Many students have suggested for you to come and supervise in our lessons but as you may know people’s personalities change when they are around other people, I am not suggesting that Mrs Sanderson is like this, but I am saying in general people change around their acquaintances, colleagues and bosses etc. I have also realised that our school never really has stable teachers in maths as they are always employing new teachers all the time. I do know that Mrs Sanderson is either replacing Mrs Abrahams permanently or substituting for her I do not know. At the beginning of this Mrs Sanderson said to us at the beginning of the lesson that for the rest of the week she would not teach us properly and all we would do is sit and do worksheets this did not affect as that is what she mostly gives us to do anyway. What she also said was that she would not teach us because of our behaviour although we are not quite disciplined in her classes that is not our fault it is most likely hers. I am not questioning any way of teaching or in any way telling you how she should  teach but if she can’t control us then that is her lack of putting a certain amount of discipline on us. We have had another teacher (which of whom I do not remember her name) for once a fortnight and if you ask her she will tell you that in her classes we don’t lose concentration and all our work is up to date and I remember what she teaches us more than I do in Mr Sanderson’s for the last few months. We have also had supply teachers were we concentrate more and do our work. I also think that when she came to say this to us at the beginning of the week, she had brought it up because of my classmates also complaining but I think that this goes against the right of freedom of speech as we should have a right to complain, talk and say anything I like without an outcome of me losing my maths lessons for a whole week just because I wanted to speak my mind. As I know teachers have always encouraged us to speak up and say if anything is wrong and this is my way of doing it. We are in year 9 now and should not have a teacher where we do not learn properly or do work. We are coming up to assessment week where we do mocks and our SAT’s we cannot carry on like this as it is an important year and is a very vital moment in our journeys to getting our GCSE’s and getting the grades we want and absolutely need. I am sorry if I may have come across rude or inconsiderate in this letter in any way but as I said before this is my way of expressing how I feel towards this situation. Yours sincerely, Sanjida Chowdhury Yr 9 HAL Set 1